Researchers from Australia's Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANTSO) and UNSW have developed a handheld scanner that can determine the origin and production methods of seafood.
While Australia has the third largest fishing zone in the world, covering over 8 million square kilometers, it is estimated that over 60 per cent of seafood eaten in Australia is imported from overseas. Additionally, warming waters due to climate change, pollution, overfishing and fraud in the seafood supply chain means that knowing where seafood comes from, and that it has been sourced sustainably, is as important as ever.
As part of an ongoing collaborative project led by ANSTO, researchers at UNSW are developing novel ways to determine exactly where seafood has been sourced, and whether it was farmed or was wild-caught.
UNSW associate professor Jes Sammut said the seafood supply chain, especially with seafood imported from across the globe, is quite long, with various people at different points in the supply chain that handle a seafood product, increasing the risk of ‘food fraud’.
A common type of food fraud is mislabelling.
“For example, a product may say that it’s a barramundi fillet from Australia, when it’s really a barramundi fillet from overseas. Mislabelling can also happen at the retail end, so a cheaper product can be labelled as more expensive based on its origin and production method,” said Sammut.
Looking for solutions to these ongoing challenges, teams at ANSTO and UNSW, led by Dr Debashish Mazumder, have developed protocols and mathematical models for a handheld device that is able to determine the origin of seafood by providing a unique profile of its elements.
“The idea is to use the handheld device at any point in the supply chain, providing details that can lead to a more sustainable and ethical seafood trade,” said Sammut.
The ongoing research is part of a large collaborative effort between ANSTO, UNSW, Sydney Fish Market, Macquarie University and the National Measurement Institute.
“We have had a very productive research partnership with ANSTO. Working with the project lead, Dr Mazumder, the wider team at ANSTO and our partner agencies has created opportunities to translate this research into impactful outcomes. This device is really about empowering the consumer, empowering the retailer and also empowering the wholesalers to know more about the produce they’re buying and selling,” said Sammut.
An ‘elemental fingerprint’
As well as food fraud, escalating environmental and human rights threats and financial challenges in the food industry means that being able to determine the origin of food – food provenance – is becoming increasingly important.
“Historically, people used DNA to help confirm what species a fish is, but it doesn't tell you where it came from or whether it was farmed or wild,” said Sammut.
Sammut explained that scientists have used high-end equipment such as X-ray fluorescence and isotope ratio mass spectrometry to determine food provenance in the lab, by studying the unique elemental profile of seafood.
“For example, by measuring the abundance of different metals and determining the different ratios of stable isotopes in a sample, we can create a unique chemical fingerprint,” said Sammut.
The elements and isotopes found within any individual organism are completely unique to each organism and determined by factors including their diet, climate and environmental conditions.
By measuring the elements and isotopes of seafood, scientists can record a unique ‘fingerprint’ that varies by geographical location or production method.
Developing a handheld device
While elemental profiling has emerged as a useful tool for authenticating provenance, its adoption by the food industry has been slow, as most of the equipment remains lab-based.
“This unique university and industry collaboration extended to the seafood provenance research. Initially, the research team used a range of nuclear analysis techniques to determine seafood provenance.
“The outcome of this work helped the team theorise that a portable device could be used to determine the provenance of the seafood we eat,” said Mazumder.
The team repurposed handheld elemental scanners, such as the Olympus Vanta device, typically used to scan sediment samples, to scan biological tissue to obtain the elemental fingerprints of various seafood products.
“While the instrument itself isn't new, the repurposing of it for seafood is, as well as all the work testing and developing the protocols,” said Sammut.
Over the last five years, the team has produced a number of papers testing the proof-of-concept of the lab-based itrax and the handheld scanning device for the provenance of a variety of seafood.
In a recent study published in Food Control, the multidisciplinary team used the handheld X-ray device to locate the site of origin of black tiger prawns from across Australia, with over 80 per cent accuracy.
“This paper brings us a step closer to seeing the scanner device being used on the fish-market floor, to determine in real time, where seafood has come from, and how it was produced,” said Sammut.
Why is seafood provenance important?
While the seafood industry in Australia has an international reputation as a trusted supplier, the long and opaque supply chains in the global industry make it particularly vulnerable to food fraud.
Last year the Australian government promised $1.6 million to deliver its commitment to introduce Country of Origin Labelling in the seafood industry. The government hopes to work closely with the seafood and hospitality sectors to improve seafood labelling and help consumers make informed decisions about the food they buy.
But until now, there has not been a single method that can easily determine food origin and be used to combat the issue of seafood fraud.
“We hope this tool will help advance the country of origin labelling, and if that means your local fish and chip shop will need to state the geographical origin of a product, including whether it was farmed or wild. So again, this tool is a way of ensuring this compliance,” said Sammut.
Food fraud isn’t the only thing the handheld device can help combat. Knowing where a product has come from can also help identify seafood that may have been produced by forced labour, as well as determining locations for biosecurity breaches. The elemental profile of seafood can also assist with determining whether a product reaches food safety standards.
Expanding the database
While the use of the handheld scanner has huge implications across the seafood supply chain, there are steps that need to be taken before it can be used.
"We need the industry to tell us which products they’re most concerned about. We know the source of prawns and barramundi are issues, but what else?” said Mazumder.
Here, the project's partnership with Sydney Fish Market becomes essential.
“We need to get samples across Australia and overseas, to get the information into our database, so that when you analyse seafood using the handheld scanner, it can tell you with more precision where the product has come from,” said Sammut.
“At the moment, we can comfortably say whether a tiger prawn is wild-caught or farmed and we are now at a point where there is an opportunity for expansion,” said Mazumder.
